Treaties Against Terrorism And Aircraft Hijacking

treaties against terrorism and aircraft hijacking going as far back as the 70s. It was Universal jurisdiction that allowed Israel to try Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem in 1961. Kissinger in his article stated that â€Å"thought it possible that national judges would use them as a basis for extradition requests regarding alleged crimes committed outside their jurisdiction†. The Torture convention on 1984 that was ratified by 124 governments required that any torturer found in its territory will be tried where the torture took place even if that means extradition. A country that does not have the means to try someone in violation may extradite the torturer to a country that can. Then there is the Geneva conventions of 1949 on the conduct of war. The Geneva convention was ratified by 189 countries including the United States. All countries involved have agreed to search for persons regardless of nationality to courts for trial who are reasonably accused of crimes. Kissinger worries that the ICC was vague and ran the risk of being used for political agenda. Roth assures him that in fact that the treaty s definition for war crimes follows closely to the Pentagon s very own military manuals as well as the Geneva convention. The fear that judges and courts becoming tyrannical can be offset by the fact that as it stands prosecutors can be removed for misconduct by a majority vote. The ICC treaty even states that a two-thirds vote can remove a judge. Many of the concerns that the ICCShow MoreRelatedHistorical Investigation : 9 / 111686 Words   |  7 PagesHistorical Investigation - 9/11 By Matt Harper Terrorism has emerged an issue that has major impacts upon society. It threatens our very way of life. Much of the world knew little of terrorism, and how devastating it could be; until 9/11/2001. This day now marks the coordinated terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda, that occurred in the USA. All attacks involved the hijacking of commercial airliners. Two attacks targeted the World Trade Centre 1 2 in lower Manhattan, New York. With the crashing of AmericanRead More9/11 Essay on law1587 Words   |  7 Pagesdetails of the terror attack. Many proposed theories have been brought forth, the most widely accepted being that of co-ordinated attacks by terrorist organisation â€Å"Al-Qaeda†. â€Å"9/11†, as the event is commonly known, is simply one of many global terrorism attacks that have seemingly consumed the contemporary world. Thus, it is up to the acts and responsibilities of governments and legal organisations to undertake action in attempt to achieve justice and equali ty throughout the world, ensuring theRead MoreThe French Revolution First Popularized The Words Terrorist And Terrorism 1506 Words   |  7 Pages Whereas the French Revolution first popularized the words ‘terrorist’ and ‘terrorism’, its contemporary understanding differs from its revolutionary meaning in 1794. The serious economic difficulties, the threat of foreign invasions and the social structure of the French government are some of the causes that led to the fall of the monarchy in August 1792. Left without a constitution for almost three years and at the hands of a revolutionary government, the reign of terror suggests an example toRead MoreUn Efforts At Violent Conflict Prevention1826 Words   |  8 Pagesdestroying stockpiled landmines and advocates for full international participation in treaties related to landmines. The United Nations pursues global reduction of weapons in obtaining peace and security. It works to reduce and eventually eliminate nuclear weapons, destroy chemical weapons, strengthen the prohibition against biological weapons, and stop the expansion of landmines, small arms and light weapons. UN treaties are the legal backbone of disarmament efforts: the Chemical Weapons Convention hasRead MoreNuclearization in South Asia13618 Words   |  55 PagesBy this time the existence of a Pakistani nuclear program was widely suspected, though its stage of development was unknown. Both countries issued not-so-veiled threats to use nuclear weapons if needed, causing significant concern in the West. Terrorism in India India is bearing the brunt of the terrorist violence in South Asia. The incidence of terrorist attacks in India has risen sharply in recent years, with the state of Punjab being the scene of much of the violence. Several other parts of IndiaRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesTheories of Confidence-Building Measures 79 J.N. Moore, Law and the Indochina War 81 Henkin, Is there a ‘Political Question’ Doctrine? 82 STANDING 83 JNM, SOLVING THE WAR PUZZLE, September 11th Its Aftermath: Terrorism, Afghanistan, The Iraq War 84 Incentive Theory Terrorism 84 Low Intensity Conflict and the International Legal System, JNM 89 Recommendations for Strengthening the International Legal System to Deal More Effectively with Low-Intensity Aggression 90 THE RULE OF LAW IN NAT’LRead MoreArmy Regulation 190–5137102 Words   |  149 Pagesconstruction planning for assets of units or activities that will occupy new or renovated facilities or facility additions (para 2-2). o Adds some minimum security measures and terrorism counteraction measures asset categories. Security measures now consist of physical protective measures, security procedural measures, and terrorism counteraction measures (sections II and III, chap 3). o Broadens asset categories and adds security measures for assets not previously in the regulation (for example, mission-criticalRead MoreTerrorism in Southeast Asia17760 Words   |  72 PagesTerrorism in Southeast Asia Bruce Vaughn, Coordinator Specialist in Asian Affairs Emma Chanlett-Avery Specialist in Asian Affairs Ben Dolven Section Research Manager Mark E. Manyin Specialist in Asian Affairs Michael F. Martin Analyst in Asian Trade and Finance Larry A. Niksch Specialist in Asian Affairs October 16, 2009 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL34194 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Terrorism in Southeast

Illegal Immigrants in Lebanon Essays - 1564 Words

Although Lebanon does not consider itself to be a receiving country, it has been a destination or transit state for illegal immigrants from all around the world. The country hosts today around 1,5 million refugees, including 1 million Syrians, 400,000 Palestinians, 50,000 Iraqis, and other nationalities (Tabar, 2010; â€Å"UNCHR-Lebanon†, 2013). Lebanon fulfills most of the factors cited by Gordon Hanson to qualify a country as a successful destination for illegal migrants. These factors includes geographic vicinity to home country, relatively open border, ease to hide and work in, and high probability of legalization (Hanson, 2007). In fact, the country is bordered to the north and the east by Syria, from where most of the illegal†¦show more content†¦In specific, reinforcing borders, legislation reform, and international and regional cooperation are three elements of any comprehensive effort to address illegal immigration in Lebanon. Lebanon has a coastline of 140 mi on the Mediterranean Sea to the west, a 233 mi border shared with Syria to the north and east and a 49 mi long border with Israel to the south. While the Lebanese-Israeli borders prevent any violator from crossing it due to the fence built by Israel, Lebanon’s borders with Syria is not well defined on ground, and thus, suffer from insufficient control. In addition, borders agents are poorly equipped. People can cross these borders without many difficulties (â€Å"Lebanon-Syria Borders Report†, 2009). Therefore, demarcating the borders with Syria, building a fence, equipping the borders agent, are three measures that should be taken as part of borders management project to stop illegal immigration. Demarcate the border with Syria is the first step that should be taken in the process of the borders management. Demarcating the border will define clearly which government, Lebanese or Syrian, is responsible for the territory located on each side of the border. The no-man’s land of the border region is considered now as a safe haven for smugglers and outlaws (â€Å"Lebanon-Syria Borders Report†, 2009). Moreover, Lebanese well defined and secured border is an international demand. The United Nations Security CouncilShow MoreRelatedPolitical, Social And Economic Conditions Of Lebanon Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagescountry analysis report, the current political, social and economic conditions of Lebanon have been shaped by historical events that will be discussed. The paper will elaborate the historical factors and events from the last century. As well as the current situation will also be presented in this paper. The main argument of the paper will focus on the factors from history are impacting the current situation of Lebanon. Lebanon had a horrific history under the Ottoman rule and from that time the countryRead MoreSyrian And The Syrian Civil War1191 Words   |  5 Pagesallowed entry to the U.S. Fixing Other Immigration Problems at Home First The U.S. is already confronting the large issue of illegal immigration from the southern borders; adding the integration of thousands of immigrants from Syria on top of this could seriously strain resources being utilized to cure this problem. Currently there are close to twelve million illegal immigrants living in the United States costing the U.S. 113 billion dollars annually and taking up much of the time and manpower in theRead MoreThe Legalization Of Illegal Immigration1541 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the illegal immigration There were 19.5 million refugees worldwide at the end of 2014, 14.4 million under the mandate of UNHCR, around 2.9 million more than in 2013. Illegal immigration, is the migrations of people across national borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination country, most of the time the illegal immigrant moves from a poorer to a richer country, however, it is also noted that illegal immigrants tend not to be the poorest within their pop ulation.Read MoreInclusive Immigration Reform : The United States Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesdivided congress, a scared nation, and scattered troops. Solutions have been presented in the form of very big walls, complex tracking systems, and overly simplified exportation of illegal aliens. However, no real steps of action have been agreed upon to rectify the situation. The US boast in its diversity; stemming from immigrants seeking recovery and opportunity. In the past, the nation thrived under the minds and views of many different peoples and cultures. The US people and government gradually showedRead MoreThe Refugee Crisis At Un 8th Annual Mid Pacific Regional Conference876 Words   |  4 Pagesmany should welcome the United States? And what risks entail? The US has accepted 2,000 Syrian refugees. In contrast, Germany said it would host to 2,000,000 migrants in the current refugee crisis. Several countries, including Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon have hosted hundreds of thousand s of Syrians each. The International Rescue Committee requested that the United States opens its doors to more Syrian refugees. An online petition asking the US government to do just that has collected more than 54Read MoreEssay On How Do We Change The Climate Of Law Enforcement960 Words   |  4 PagesFBI does a great job, they can’t be investigating every single person with extremist views. I’m not surprised about Hezbollah, they are a well funded, strong organization with a large amount of individuals within the group, and have a safe haven in Lebanon. It does not influence my outlook on the local and federal law enforcement. It just shows the two can work together and successfully bring down a terrorist cell within the U.S. Video: Who, in your view, presents the clearest argument? With whichRead More The Israeli and Palestinian Conflict Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pagessentencing the Arab leaders of the attackers to death. The British government recognized the injustices done to the Palestinians but they rejected their demand for independence. In order to pacify the Arabs, they instead limited the number of immigrants and then totally stop Jewish immigration to Palestine. They also disclaimed any intentions to create a Jewish state, which infuriated the Zionist movement. They proposed the partition of Palestine into two states, Arab and Jews. They would giveRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesembellished). 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Under Armour Case Write Up Free Essays

Problem Under Armour has become one of the most successful performance apparel brands in the United States. Despite its recent successes, Under Armour does have a few problems that could adversely affect its future sales. One general environment issue is how the current economic situation in the United States will affect Under Armour’s sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Under Armour Case Write Up or any similar topic only for you Order Now As consumers change their buying habits it could hurt its sales severely. Two, Under Armour needs to consider how its lack of a diversified supply group impacts its bargaining power. Roughly 75 percent of its fabric is purchased from only six distributors. Three, the company should consider diversifying its product line beyond its current sports apparel majority. Under Armour doesn’t have as much brand recognition in spring/summer sports such as soccer and basketball. Lastly, Under Armour should be more aggressive in expanding to European and Asian markets. Currently, Under Armour heavily relies on U. S. market and there are tremendous potential consumer power in Europe and Asia. General Environment Analysis There are a variety of different external factors that influence the amount of success Under Armour is able to achieve. One of the biggest factors negatively affecting the firm is within the economic sector. Consumers are spending less money in the retail market. This decrease in spending is causing a broader economic downturn. As a company who sells its products at premium prices, this downturn threatens to damage the company’s sales and decrease profits. There are also several different opportunities offered by the general environment. Under Armour products are useful to athletes. Regardless of the country in which a sport is played, high quality, breathable apparel and durable, innovative equipment are always useful. Because of the cultural transcendence of its products, Under Armour is pursuing international diversification. Their strategy is one of regionalization, allowing top managers within each region to run almost like a subsidiary, reacting to local preferences and competitors. â€Å"Researchers have found that international diversification can lead to greater operational efficiency, which ultimately leads to higher financial performance. † The move toward a more global firm should help the firm to grow, increase profits, and improve brand recognition worldwide. Additional threats and opportunities facing Under Armour are exhibited in Appendix A. How to cite Under Armour Case Write Up, Essay examples

Personal Taxpayer Compliance Costs

Question: Discuss about the Personal Taxpayer Compliance Costs. Answer: Introduction: In this case, various information pertaining to Jane Brown has been provided. The issue is to calculate the net tax payable or refundable during the current tax year. The tax is calculated by applying the various provisions of the relevant law. The section 4-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act provides that the every individual, company and other entities is required to pay income tax. The section 4-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act provides that tax payable is calculated by applying the tax rate with the taxable income (Saad et al. 2014). The section 4-15 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that taxable income is calculate by subtracting allowable deduction from the assessable income. The assessable income of a taxpayer is classified into ordinary income and statutory income. The section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act provides that income according to the ordinary concept is known as the ordinary income (Saad 2014). The income other than ordinary income is known as the statutory income as per section 6-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act. In both the section 6-5 and 6-10 of act it is provided that in case of resident taxpayer income received from all the sources are taxable and in case of non-resident the income received from Australia is taxable. Therefore, it can be said that determination of residential status of the taxpayer is essential before calculating the taxable income. The section 6-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 provides four rules that should be applied for determining the residential status of the taxpayer. However, in this case there is insufficient information so it is assumed that the Jane Brown is a resident of Australia for the purpose of tax (Birt et al. 2014). The division 6 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 deals with the trust income. The net income of the trust is worked out on the assumption that the trustee is resident. The net income of the family trust can be distributed to the beneficiary in any way it deems fit. The act also provides that a trust is not required to pay income tax on the amount distributed (Binning and Young 2015). The trust is only required to pay tax on the undistributed income. The beneficiary is required to pay tax on the amount distributed by the family trust. It should be noted that it is not a special income so it should be included in the assessable income and taxed at marginal rate. In this case, Jane has received an amount of $2000 from the family. Therefore based on the discussion it can be said that the receipt from the trust should be in the assessable income (Tran-Nam et al. 2014). The section 44 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 states that the assessable income of the resident shareholder of the company shall include dividend. The dividend are the profit distributed by the company earned from any source. The dividend received is also an ordinary income as per section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. In this case, the fully franked dividend of Jane should be included in the assessable income. In this case, as the information provided is insufficient so it is assumed that $20000 is the gross dividend (Taylor and Richardson 2013). The salary is an assessable income under section 6-5 of the Income Tax Assessment 1997. Therefore, the salary amount received by Jane should be included in the assessable income. The salary that should be included is the gross salary therefore the PAYG should be added with the net salary. The commissioner based on the section 15-25 and 15-30 of the Tax Administration Act 1953 develops the withholding schedule (Brown et al. 2015). The interest is an ordinary income as per section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997; therefore, the interest income of $475 should be included in the assessable income. The income from investment should be included in the assessable income as per section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. In this case, the income that is received from rental property should be included in the assessable income. The section 8-1 of the income Tax Assessment act states that the taxpayer can deduct from the assessable income any outgoing that is necessary fort earning then assessable income. Hence, in this case the expenses that are incurred for the income from investment property should be deducted. The be\net amount should be included in the assessable income (Farrell 2016). The section 102-5 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 states that the assessable income should include the net capital gain during the year. In this case, as the shares were acquired on 2009 so the discount method is applied. An individual can make the section 115-10 of the ITAA 1997 states that discount capital gain. The insurance premium paid for income protection is deductible as the amount received is taxable (Kucukvar et al. 2014). Based on the above discussion the taxable income is calculated. The calculation shows that the tax payable is $34715. The calculation is given below. Calculation of Taxable income of Jane for the year 2015-16 Particulars References Amount Amount Figure Authority Income received from Trust ITAA 36 Division 36 $20,000.00 Dividend Income Fully Franked (Net) $14,000.00 franking Credit $6,000.00 Gross Dividend ITAA 36 s44 ITAA 97 s6.5 $20,000.00 Salary Income ITAA 97 s6.5 $79,000.00 Interest income ITAA 97 s6.5 $475.00 Rent Income ITAA 97 s6.5 $35,000.00 Capital gain from sale of shares Sales proceed $3,500.00 Less: Cost of Acquisition $800.00 Gross capital Gain $2,700.00 Less: Discount @ 50% $1,350.00 Net Capital Gain ITAA 97 s102.5 s115.10 $1,350.00 Assessable Income $155,825.00 Allowable Deductions Repair ITAA 97 s8.1 $2,000.00 Interest on Mortgage ITAA 97 s8.1 $15,000.00 rates ITAA 97 s8.1 $2,500.00 Insurance ITAA 97 s8.1 $500.00 investment advise ITAA 97 s8.1 $250.00 Insurance for Income Protection ITAA 97 s8-1 $1,000.00 Total deduction $21,250.00 Taxable income $134,575.00 Tax on taxable income ($17547+.37(134575-80000)) $37,739.75 Medicare Levy $2,691.50 Medicare levy surcharge 1682.19 Gross Tax Payable 42113.44 Tax offsets/Rebates/ Credits Special Zone Rebate ITAA 36 s79A 1173.00 franking credit ITAA 97 s205.15 -$8,571.43 Tax Payable $34,715.01 Less: PAYG $(18828.00) Net tax Payable 15887.01 Disregarded Items Type Help debt $20000 Table 1: calculation of Taxable income (Source: Created by Author) In this case, the Green Pty Ltd is a resident company the issue here is to ascertain the taxable income and calculate the taxable income. The Income tax Assessment Act provides that the business income are taxable. The section 8-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 states that expenses that are made for earning assessable income are allowed as deduction. The section 27-15 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 provides that the input tax credit can be deducted as loss or outgoing under this act. Hence, it can be said that the company will have to adjust expenses to GST the element (Richardson et al. 2013). It is assumed that the dividend amount provided is gross. In general, the company tax rate is 30%. However, for small business company tax rate is 28.5%. The business is said to be small if the aggregate turnover from the business is less than 2 million (Griffiths 2015). In the given case, the turnover of the Green Pty Ltd is less than the 2 million so 28.5% rate will apply. The calculation is given below: Computation of the Taxable Income and Tax Payable for Green Pty Ltd Particular Reference Amount Amount Figure Authority Sales ITAA 97 s6.5 $313,636.36 Dividend fully franked $10,260.00 Add: franking Credit $4,397.14 Gross Dividend ITAA 36 s44 ITAA 97 s6.5 $14,657.14 Interest ITAA 97 s6.5 $900.00 Compensation from client ITAA 97 s6.5 $4,000.00 Net Capital gain ITAA 97 s102.5 s115.10 $4,000.00 Assessable Income $337,193.51 Allowable Deduction Advertising ITAA 97 s8.1 $909.09 Bad debts ITAA 97 s8.1 $900.00 Bank Charges ITAA 97 s8.1 $150.00 Capital expenditure (qualifies for immediate deduction) ITAA 97 s8.1 $2,727.27 Cost of sales ITAA 97 s8.1 $54,545.45 Sub-contractor expenses ITAA 97 s8.1 $20,909.09 Depreciation expenses ITAA 97 s8.1 $5,500.00 Electricity ITAA 97 s8.1 $800.00 Entertainment ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,818.18 Environmental protection (disposal of chemicals) ITAA 97 s8.1 $600.00 Fines (speeding and parking tickets) ITAA 97 s8.1 $500.00 Insurance ITAA 97 s8.1 $600.00 Interest expenses within Australia ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,200.00 Lease expenses within Australia ITAA 97 s8.1 $4,000.00 Motor Vehicle 3rd Party insurance ITAA 97 s8.1 $550.00 Motor Vehicle expenses (petrol maintenance) ITAA 97 s8.1 $3,636.36 Motor Vehicle Registration ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,200.00 Rent expenses ITAA 97 s8.1 $10,727.27 Stationery Office supplies ITAA 97 s8.1 $181.82 Tea, coffee, sugar milk for staff use ITAA 97 s8.1 $100.00 Telstra (Phones Internet) ITAA 97 s8.1 $1,818.18 Wages ITAA 97 s8.1 $45,000.00 Total deduction $158,372.73 Taxable Income $178,820.78 Tax on Taxable Income @28.5% $50,963.92 Tax offsets/Rebates/ Credits Franking credit ITAA 97 s205.15 -$4,397.14 Tax Payable $46,566.78 Table 2: Taxable Income (Source: Created by Author) Reference Binning, C. and Young, M., 2015.TALKING TO THE TAXMAN ABOUT NATURE CONSERVATION_Proposals for the introduction of tax incentives for the protection of high conservation value native vegetation. 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In7th International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics: iceg2014(p. 272). Engineers Australia. Griffiths, K., 2015. Criminalising bribery in a corporate world.Current Issues Crim. Just.,27, p.251. Kucukvar, M., Egilmez, G. and Tatari, O., 2014. Sustainability assessment of US final consumption and investments: triple-bottom-line inputoutput analysis.Journal of Cleaner Production,81, pp.234-243. Lignier, P., Evans, C. and Tran-Nam, B., 2014. Tangled up in tape: The continuing tax compliance plight of the small and medium enterprise business sector. Raftery, A.M., 2014.The size, cost, asset allocation and audit attributes of Australian self-managed superannuation funds(Doctoral dissertation, School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of NSW). Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Saad, N., Udin, N.M. and Derashid, C., 2014. Complexity of the Malaysian income tax act 1967: Readability assessment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,164, pp.606-612. Silver, N., McGregor-Lowndes, M. and Tarr, J.A., 2016. Should Tax Incentives for Charitable Giving Stop at Australia's Borders.Sydney L. Rev.,38, p.85. Snape, J. and De Souza, J., 2016.Environmental taxation law: policy, contexts and practice. Routledge. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2013. The determinants of thinly capitalized tax avoidance structures: Evidence from Australian firms.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,22(1), pp.12-25. Taylor, G. and Richardson, G., 2014. Incentives for corporate tax planning and reporting: Empirical evidence from Australia.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,10(1), pp.1-15. Tran-Nam, B., Evans, C. and Lignier, P., 2014. Personal taxpayer compliance costs: Recent evidence from Australia.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.137.